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This kind of broad question doesn't really imply a specific answer, so I'm going to go with an equally broad answer that, while not precise, might still be helpful. You'll want to know the basic idea behind Fourier's Theorem which is that all waveforms can be expressed as a sum, possibly infinite, of sine/cosine waves. Wikipedia's page on Fourier series ...

Digitized sound is just a sequence of numbers recording the amplitude of the soundwave at equal intervals (most often 44100 times per second). Applying FFT and finding the strongest frequency, or all frequencies above a treshold sounds like a reasonable way of finding the note. Converting the frequency into a note is easy, once you know that middle A is ...

Look for tutorials for your tools of choice (MPC, Ableton, whatever). Once you understand how to use those, it should be clear how to program to the style of your choosing. There are a number of books on drum machine programming with examples for particular styles, which is also a good starting point. If you have access to some genre-specific loop ...

Although this is an answer that depends on another software to solve this problem, here's the approach I took for the time being. Since my host program that I'm using is Ableton live, I grouped the Kontakt player so that it plays on channel #1 of the combined instrument. Then, I recorded (in Session view) the output of the highest note in the Kontakt ...